Problems in finding Open Reading Frames (ORFs) and Coding Sequences (cds) provide a nice example for failing first principle approach:
In higher Eukaryotes the coding sequence is often interrupted by introns. Genes are transcribed into RNA. With the help of so-called spliceosomes the introns are removed from the RNA and the exon portions are religated. In Arabidopsis the splice site consensus is as follows (from www.arabidopsis.org):
The "|" denotes the exon-intron boundary. The columns represent the nucleotide position relative to the exon-intron boundary. The rows present the total number of the different nucleotides observed in the dataset.
5' consensus --- intron --- > A 281 338 588 97 | 11 21 635 545 201 226 307 C 230 347 128 45 | 4 8 47 136 87 147 173 G 174 158 98 740 | 933 29 107 52 474 116 112 T 285 127 156 88 | 22 912 181 237 208 481 378 A G G T 3' consensus < --- intron --- A 174 183 172 291 77 912 27 | 235 249 274 272 C 123 117 107 61 600 14 4 | 90 142 167 182 G 194 161 101 360 29 27 931 | 529 174 215 270 T 479 509 590 258 264 17 8 | 116 405 314 246 G C A G G T
Given the many introns known in Arabidopsis, and the fact that many of the spliceosomal RNAs have been sequenced, one might expect that given a sequence it would be possible to recognize with high reliability which parts of a sequence are coding. The following exercises will demonstrate that this is not the case.
Your name: Your email address:
For the following sequences from a prokaryote (the archaeon Thermoplasma acidophilum), identify possible Open Reading Frames using ORF-Finder at the NCBI.
Click on one of the detected ORFs, and it should turn pink. Use the link to BLAST on the top of the ORF-Finder results page, and do searches for at least two open reading frames - check the parameter box on the format page before requesting the results, check the graphical overview button in BLAST page.
>Thermoplasma acidophilum genomic DNA aactacagta gatgctcttt tagctattgc ggcttcgatc tcaatcgccg gcggccttat aggtaccggt atggcacagc agggaatagg agccgctggt atgggtataa tcgcggagaa acctgagaag ttcggccagg ttctgttctt ctttgttata cctgagacgc tctgggtcat aggtcttgct ctgggtatca tactgctgct ccatataatc tgatctctat gtccctcgaa gaagtgctga aggatatcga acgcgacaag gaagaaaaga agaaagagat agcagatgct gcgtccaggg agacggcaaa gatagagaag gagagggaag aaaagatcca gattctgcag agggaatacg agaacaggat gagggaagag ggcagcaggc tgtacaattc cataatcgac aaggcgaatg tggaggccag gaacatcgtg aggatgaggg ttcaggagat cctggaccag tatggcgcaa aggccgatga actgataaag aatctggcca aaacaaagga atacgatgat gtcctgaaga agatgatcga ggtatccaga aaggccctcg ggccagactg cattgtgaag gtgaacacag ccgataaggg ccgcatctct gatggaaaca taaagttcga ggatatagat ccgtatgggg gcgtactggc aacctccaga gacggaaaga tagaactcga tctgagaata tcaagcataa ggcgcgatat tcttgaacgg ttcaaggtgc ggctttattc aatgatagag gattgagatg gattcaactt acatagggtc ctatggcagg ctccgtgttt atcagacaga gtttttcagc aggcagcaaa tagatcagat gctgtcaatg actgatccaa aggatgtgtc tgcctttctc tacaacggtc cttacaggga agattatgac agcctgtccg cggtcttcaa ggatcctgat ctgaccgaga tggcaataaa caggcacatg gtcaggaaca atcgcctggt gctttttgcc atcccgcctc tggcgaagaa tgccgtggtg gcttatctca gcaaatggga tatagagaat atcaagaccg tcatatccgc aaaattcctg gggcacggga taagggaagc tgagcctttc cttgtgagct ttcgcgacat accgcttggt ataatgagcg gaacactcac caacgaggat tacaggaaca tgataaatct gcccaacata gaggctatac tcaattacct tgcaaggttc ggatacggta cgtacatgat gcagttcctg gaagattaca ggaagaccgg tgatatatca ccgatgctct attcgctgga tcgctattac tacatgaatc tgctgtcggc cctgaagtat tacaggggcg acgaggcgcc tgttctcaat tatgtgcgat cggacataga tcgccagaac atagtgacta tgctgaaggg aaaggtgctt aagataccgt ttgaaaggat gtcctcaggc ataatcgatg ggggtaacat aggcgttaac cggttgcggg agatctactc atcccaggac gccgtttccg ttgcggatgc tctgaagcag tactacgatc tcgaagagcc aaagaagaaa tacatggaaa caggcgatct ctaccatttt gatatagcga tccgcaacat aattgccaga aggttccttg acaccatgtc catgctgcct ctgtcgctgg acagcctgtt ctacttcata ctgaggagcg agattgaaag gcacaaccta aggacaatat atttgtccaa ggtgaacggc atgccaaggg agatcacgga aagcctgctg ataacggaga tgatgtgatt ggagagctgc ataactgtca taggcgaaag ggacgttgtc ctcggattca ggctcctcgg tattcagcac accataatag ctgagggcaa ggatcttctg aagaagtttc tggaggtctt tcagaaccct cagtgcaata taataatcgt ttccgaaaat gtgaagaaca tgatggataa aaggacgctg agaagcgtgg agatctcgtc aaagccgctg gtagtcttca taccccttcc aggcgtaagg gaggaggaga ccatagagga gatggcgaag aggatcctcg gtattgatat tggaaatgtt tgaggtgaat caatgggaaa gataatcaga atttcaggtc cagtagtcgt ggctgaagat gttgaagacg ccaagatgta cgatgttgtc aaggtcggag agatgggcct catcggtgag ataataaaga ttgaggggaa cagatcgacc atacaggtct atgaggatac tgcaggcata aggcctgacg aaaaggttga gaacaccagg aggccgctgt cggtggagct cggcccaggc atactcaaat cgatatacga tggaatacag aggccactgg atgtgatcaa gatcacttct ggagatttca tagctcgcgg tctgaaccca cccgcacttg acaggcagaa gaagtgggag tttgttcccg ctgtaaaaaa aggagagacg gtctttcctg gccagatact cggtaccgtg caggaaacct cgctgataac ccacaggata atggttcccg agggtatttc aggaaaggtg acgatgatcg ccgatgggga gcacagggtt gaggatgtga tagcgacggt atcaggaaat ggcaagagct acgatattca gatgatgaca acgtggcccg tcaggaaggc gaggagggtg cagaggaaac tgcctccaga gatcccgctg gtaacgggac agagggtaat agatgcgctt ttccccgtgg cgaagggcgg aactgccgcc gtacccgggc cattcggaag tggaaaatgt gtgtctggcg atacaccggt acttctggat gccggcgaga ggaggatagg cgacctgttc atggaggcca ttcaggacca aaagaacgcg gtcgaaatag gccagaacga agagatagtc cggctccatg atccgctgcg catatattcc atggtcggtt ctgaaatagt cgaaagcgtc tctcacgcca tatatcacgg aaagagcaat gccattgtaa ccgttaggac ggagaatgga agagaggtca gggtgacacc tgtccacaaa ctctttgtta aaattggaaa ctctgtaatc gagaggccag cctcagaggt gaatgagggc gatgaaatag catgcgcaag cgtaagtgag aacggtgatt cccaaaccgt caccacaacg ctggtattga cattcgatag agtggtatca aaggaaatgc atagcggcgt attcgatgtc tacgatctga tggttccgga ttatggatac aacttcatag gcggaaatgg cctcatagtc cttcacaaca ccgtgataca acaccagctg gcaaaatgga gcgatgcaaa catagttgtt tacataggct gtggcgagcg cggaaatgag atgactgaaa tactcaccac cttcccggag ctgaaagatc ctaacacggg ccagccgctg atggacagga ctgtccttat agccaacact tctaatatgc ccgtggcagc aagagaggcg agcatataca caggtataac gatagcggag tactacaggg acatgggata cgacgttgcc ctgatggcag acagcacatc acgctgggcg gaggcactca gggagatctc aggcaggctg gaggagatgc cgggagaaga gggatatcct gcctatctgg gtagaagggt ttcagaattc tacgagagat ccggaagggc gaggctcgta tcgccggatg agaggtacgg atcaataacg gttatcggtg ctgtatcacc gccgggagga gacatatccg agccggtatc gcagaacacc ctgcgtgtaa caagggtatt ctgggctctg gatgccgccc tggccaacag gaggcatttt ccatcgataa actggctcaa cagctattcg ctttacaccg aggatctgag atcctggtac gataagaacg tatcatccga atggtctgct ctaagggaaa gagcgatgga aatactgcag cgggagagcg agctccagga ggtcgcacag ctcgttggat acgatgccat gcctgaaaaa gagaaatcaa tactggacgt tgccaggata ataagggagg acttcctgca gcagagcgcg ttcgacgaga tcgatgctta ctgctccctg aaaaagcagt acctcatgct gaaggcaata atggagatcg atacctatca gaacaaggcg ctcgactccg gcgcaacaat ggataacctg gcttctcttg cagttaggga gaaactctcg aggatgaaga tagtgccaga ggcgcaggta gaatcctatt acaatgatct tgttgaggag atccacaagg agtatggaaa tttcattggt gagaaaaatg ccgaagctag cctataaatc tgtttcacaa ataagtggcc cactgctctt cgttgagaac gtgccaaatg ccgcttacaa cgagatggtt gacatcgaac ttgagaacgg ggaaaccagg caggggcagg ttctggacac caggaagggc ctcgccatag tgcagatatt cggtgcaaca accggtatag gcactcaggg aaccactgtt aaattcaggg gagagaccgc caggcttcct atatctgagg acatgctggg cagggtattc aatggcattg gcgagcccat agacggtggc cctgagataa tagcaaagga gagaatggag atcaccagca acgccataaa cccttattca agggaggaac cttccgaatt catagaaacc ggaatttcgg caatagacgg aatgaatacg cttgttaggg gccagaagct gcccatattc tccggttccg ggctgccgca caaccagctt gccgctcaga tagcaaggca ggcaaaggtt ctggattcct cagagaattt cgcggttgtc ttcggtgcaa tgggcataac gagcgaggag gctaattatt tcacgaacca gttcagggaa actggtgcgc tatcaagatc ggtcatgttc cttaacctct cttcggatcc gtccatggag aggatcatcc tgcccaggat agcactcaca actgcagagt acctggcatt ccagaagggc atgcacatac tcgtaatatt gacggatatg acgaactact gtgaggccct tcgtgagata tctgccgcca gggaggaggt tccgggaaga aggggctacc caggatacat gtacacggat ctgagcacca tatacgagag ggcaggaaag ctgaagggaa acaatggatc cataacgcag atccccatac tcaccatgcc aggcgacgat ataacgcatc ccgtgccgga tctcacaggc tacataaccg agggccagat agtgatttca agagatctca acagaaagga catgtatcca ggcatagacg tgctcctctc cctctcaagg ctgatgaacc agggcatagg gaagggaagg acaagggagg atcatagggg cctggcggat cagctttacg ctgcatacgc ttcaggaaag gatctgagat cactgactgc aatcgttggt gaggaggccc tcagccagaa cgacagaaag tatcttcact ttgcagacac ctttgagtca aggtacatca agcaggggtt cttcgaggat cgctcaatag aggatacgct tggcctggga tgggatcttc ttgctgatct tcctgttcag gacatgaaga gggttaagcc tgatcacatc cagaagtatg gcagatggaa gaaggagtga acatggacat acgaccgaca aggatagaac tgatacgcac caggaggaga ataaggcttg caaagaaggg ccttgacctt ctgaagatga agaggtccgc ccttatatac gaattcctgc agataagcag aaccataagg ggcatgaagg agaacctcag aaaggaggtt gttgaagccc tgaacatcat aaaggtggcc agcgtcctgg aggggtccct tgcactggag cgcatagcga acatgtcaag cgattccagg ataaatgtca actccagaaa tgtcatgggc gtaaatatac ccacccttga ggtctcatac aacctgtcca tattatcgga cgtttaccgt acagtgtctg tcccggttgc catagatgat tccatacgca ggtttcagaa gctgttctac gatctcattc tgatagtgga aaaggagaac tctctgcgca acctgctgat ggagatagac agaacaaaga gaaggagcaa cgctatagag aatatactga tacccaggct tgagtatcag gcgaagatga taaagatgac cctggatgag agggagaggg ataccttcac cacgcttaaa accataaaga agaagataga ggctgagaat gattagaaac ccgtggtttg atatcggaac gaggaagtac gtgaagaatg tcgatataac cagggcgaag gatccgaagc tgatcaggaa gttcataatc ataaggaacc tgatcatgct gttcaatgtg gctgttgcag cgctaatact ggtgctggtt tggagctgat gcgtatggat gatgttgaga ctatcaggat tatcaaggaa aaggaaacaa gtgcagatga ggagatcaat cagttcaagg aggaacagga aaagatcata aaagaagcca gggagaagga agcgcttgat ttggaaaaga ccgaggatga actgaaatcc agatatcagg agtatctgga atcgagaaga aaggaggctg aggagaaagc atcggaaata atagataatg caaagcaaag ggcatctgcg ataaatcttg acataaagga gaaggatctg cagaagatgg tcctggaaat aataatgaag tatctagagg agtaatatgc tgagaccagt taagatggag aagatcagga tcatagcccc gtattcctac agggatcctg tcatatccgc ccttcatgac ctgggcgtca tgcagataga ggagatgagg gaagatgttg acaggcttct gtctcctgcc aaagcttcgg aacaggcaaa aaccgttatg gattacctgc agaagttccg aggatacgag aacatacttc cgaagaggcc agtgagaaca agagccaaat tcacctctct tgcagatatc ctcaacgagg catccaagat aaacatagac gatgatatac gcatagctgt gaacagggaa aacgacattg cagcagccat gaaggatatc gatagcaggc tttctgcgct tgaatacatg aagggatatg atttcgacgt atccatattc aacgggaagc acttcgagtc ttacataata cctgataaga atgtggatat caaggcgttc tccagcctga acgcagaaat tgtgccgctg aagaatgcat tcataataac cgtggctgag gacagaacac aggatctcag caggatcgcc aattcgattg gagcaaggct cattcacatt ccagatctca agggaaagcc tgatgatgta atagctatgc tcaatgacga aagggcaaag ctggatcagg caatgcagga gataagaaag caccttggcg atctttccga taaatattat gagaagatag cccagatcag ggaagccctg gagatcgagg caaagaagat agatgtggag gataaattaa aaggaactga gtacacattt gccgtggagg ggtggatacc atcagattcg ttcggcagag tgagcgatgc catcaacaga gttactggga acagctgcat aataagcaca gtgaagacca acgagatgcc gccaaccctg ctcagaaatc ccaggaggat ctcgcttttc gaattcttca tcaaattcta ttcgcttcca gagggtacgg agtatgatcc tacgctcata ttcgcactgg tctttcccgt attcttcggg ttgatggtcg gtgattgggg ctacgggctg gccatcctgc tgatctctct tttcataata caccgcgttg atcatccacc ggcaaagagt cacataccca gagtcataag cagatttgtt ctgatgataa tgtcgccgca atccctgaag acgctggcaa aggccctgat tccgtcatcc atagtagcaa tcatagctgg cttacttttc aatgaattct tcggattcgc tatcctgcca ttcaccgttt tccatgtgta cgcggttctt ccgaagctga tgctgatcgc cggatacata ggccttggca tggtggtatt cggcttcata ctcggattca ttgaggattt gtggatgaag gatgtcaagg gagccatgga tagactcgga tggcttttct ttgcggttgg aatcgcaacc atagggctta acctgataca ccacgatctg acgttcagcg taagtaccgg gatatcgaat ctgattgcag ttgcactgat agttatcggc atacctctga tagccatcaa ggagaagtcg cagggattca tagagatgcc ttccataata agccacatac tctcatatct caggcttgtg ggaatactga tagccagcgt cgtcatcgct gagataatag acctggtatt catgaagagc atagtttcgc attccatcgg gcttgccatc gccggtgttg tcatactgat attcgggcag atgttcaact taatacttgc agtattcgag ccaggaatac agggagcaag gctgatatac gtggagttct tctcaaagtt ctaccacgga aacggaagaa tgttcaggcc attcaggagc cagagaaaat acaccgagga tggcctcgat tttgataagg ctagataaac gtttaagcat ggaaacgata caaagatgat gataccttct ttttcccctt gtgaaggcga tgtgaaatga acattggagt tcttggcttt cagggagatg tgcaggaaca catggatatg ctgaaaaaat tatccagaaa gaacagagac cttacattaa cccacgtaaa aagggttatc gatctggaac acgtagatgc gctcataata cctggaggag aaagtacgac tatatacaag cttactctgg aatacggcct ttacgacgcc atagtgaaga gatctgccga aggtatgccg attatggcca catgcgccgg cctgatactc gtatcgaaga atacaaatga tgaaagggtc agaggtatgg gcctactgga tgtgaccata agaaggaatg cctatggaag acaggtcatg tccttcgaaa cggacataga aataaatgga atcggcatgt ttccggccgt attcataagg gctccggtaa tagaggattc tggaaaaacc gaggttcttg gtacgctgga tggaaagccc gttatcgtca aacaggggaa tgtgataggg atgacatttc atccagagct caccggcgat acaaggctgc atgaatactt cataaacatg gtgaggggga gaggggggta catttccact gcagatgtga aaaggtgatg gtatgaggac tgtactatat gatgagcatg caaaactgaa cgcaaagttc accgaattca atggatggga tatgcccctt tactacagga gcataatcga agagcatatg gccgtcagga agcatgttgg catatttgat gtatcccata tgggcgacgt gacggtaagc ggaaaggatg cttcggcctt ccttgaccac atgtttccaa cgaaggtaag caatctgaag aatggagaat gcgtttacac agccttcctg aacgacagcg ggctgatgat agatgacacg atagtttata ggatgggcga agattcgtac ttcttcgttc caaatgcggg gacaacggaa aagatataca gatgggtgtc tgatcactcc gcaggataca gcgtaaagat agagaacgta tctaacagga tatcaagcat agcccttcag ggccctgaat ctgaagaagt gctgaatgaa cttggatttt catatcctgg atacttcaag tttcaatacg tttcaggaaa gtacatgaat gcaataacag gtaaagatca aattattata tcaggaacag gttacaccgg tgagaaagga gtagaattca taataccgaa cgaacacgct gttgaactct ggaagaaact gctggaagcg ataaacaaaa gaaatgggct tccggctggc ctcggtgcca gagataccct tcgaatggaa aagggtatgc tgctctcagg ccatgatttc aatgaagaca gagatccata tgaagcttca gtatcattca tcgtcaacaa cgatgaagat tttgtaggaa agaaaaatct tgagatcaga agaagatctg atcatgagat attcagggga ttcgtgcttt ctgacgggat tccaagaaat ggcaatccaa taaaagcagg cgggaagagg gttggaaccg tcaccagcgg aacaatttct ccagtactca ataagggcat agctcttgga tacatagata aagcgtattc aaaagaaaat acggaagtta tgatagagat aagatccgta gatcacaagg ctgtcgttac aaagcctagg attgtgaaat gatgttgcag tggaaataca cccctccccc tctatattaa ttttttattt aatataatta attcatataa tctgcttcat tatctcgcct atggccacct taacggcctg atcgctgtta tatctgttct tccaccccgt tgccttgagc ttctttatat ccattcttgc gtatttcaca tcgcctggcc agcctctgcc catgtaccct cctttgcgca ctatccttgt atccctgagc cccatggcct ctatgacgta ctttgctatc gtatccacgt ttgttacatc gtcatttcca aggttgaaca cttccgttcc gctgatcctg tcatagatgt agaacatgct tccaacgcag tccgtgacgt gcatgtacga tttcgcctgc gttccatccc cgagtacttc cagttctttg ctgttctttt ttagcttgtt tataaaatcg aatataacgc catgcgtgga attctttccc actatgtttg cgaacctgaa gatcttggcg ttgattccat aatagtgcga gtatgatgat atgaaagcct cagccgagag tttggaggcg ccgtatgagg atattgggag gaggggcccg tagtcttcag gcgtgggcat aacctttgcc tctccgtata tcgttgaact ggaggcgaac agtatgtctt tgacatcttt cttcctcatc atctcaagca cgttgacagt ccctatgacg tttgatctca gatctatcgt cggatccacg gatccgttcc tcacatcgga atcagcagcg agatggacga caagatcgta atctccaggc gtaacggatt ccgttatgtc ttcctttatg aacctgaagt tcttttttcc catgaacggt tttatgtatc tgtcatccat tatgctcagg ttatctataa ccgtgacatc gttgtcctca agaagcattt ccaccatatt cgatcctatg aaacctgcgc ccccagttat catcacatgt tttccattca tatactggta atatttgatg taataatagt tgttctcatg gccgatctgg gtttttatcc ttcagtcatt gttaaatgaa gcatgaaaaa tatctatgta aaaagtatta aaaaactacg taatttcagg tagatgcgca aataattttt acggccacgc catgcttacc ttcatgtcac agaagatcca ttgcataata tgcggatcta taatttattc tggattatac tgttccgatt gcctttcaga gatccagaga tcccgcacca ttgatgacga atcattcgaa gattggctcg cccgaacaag ggaatcttca aatgtcaaac cagacgataa ggaatgcatg
The sequence below is from the Arabidopsis thaliana genome.
>51028.t00050, Chromosome 1, pre-processing AGTTTTTGAATCTCTGATTGCTGAGAAAATGCCGGCGTTTTACGGAGGAAAGCTTACGAC CTTCGAGGACGATGAGAAGGAGAGCGAGTATGGTTACGTTCGTAAGGTATTATCCTGTTT CGTTCGATCTGGTTTCAATTTGTTTTTTTTTCTGTTTTGCGATGTTAGTTTTTGGTGATG GATAGATGAAATAGTTGATCTGCTTACCAGGTAAGATTGGTGGGATAGCTAGATTTGATC TGATAGTTATCAGTGATTGAATCGGTTGATTCCGCGTTGGTTCAGTAACCTCGTCTTTGA ATTTCTGATCTGATCTGATAGTTCTCAGTGATTTGACATTTTCTTTTATGGGATGCAGGT TTCAGGTCCTGTTGTTGTTGCCGATGGTATGGCCGGTGCTGCTATGTATGAGTTAGTGCG TGTTGGTCATGATAATTTGATTGGTGAAATCATCCGTCTTGAAGGAGATTCTGCCACCAT CCAAGGTTTGTTTCTTCTATTGTGCTTCCTAGTGTAATTTACTTTACGGCATCTTATGTG ACCTCTGTCGAAGTAAGATATCTTAACTGATATTTGGCAACTTCCTTTTGATCAGTTTAC GAGGAAACAGCTGGATTGACAGTTAATGATCCCGTTCTTCGAACACACAAGGTTCGCGAG TTATTTATCTTGGTTTTTTCTAGTGTTGTTCATCTGCAGCTAACATATAATTTGTCCTGA ATTTACTACAGCCACTTTCTGTGGAGCTCGGGCCAGGAATATTGGGAAATATCTTTGATG GAATTCAGGTTCAGTTGGATTTATAATCTTGCTAGACATGATTTTTTTTACTTTTATGAT TCGTTTTATGTGGCTTCTTACGATTCTTTGGTTTCATTTCTTTAAATGTCACAGAGGCCT TTGAAGACTATTGCAAGAATATCCGGTGATGTGTACATTCCTCGGGGTGTGTCTGTTCCA GCTCTTGACAAAGATTGTCTTTGGGAGTTCCAGCCCAATAAATTTGGTAATGTGGTTTAC TCCATATGCCTGTCTATGGAAGTGTTCATTTGGTTTTAATCTTGATGGTCAATTGAATTC GTTTTGTTTGCAGTCGAGGGAGACACAATAACTGGTGGTGACTTGTATGCTGTAAGTTTA TTGGTCTCCTCTTTAATCTGCTTTTGACAAGGGAATCTATTTACACAGTTACCGTGGTGT TTCCCTTGTTTACACTGGGAATAGTTTTTTCTGAAAGTCAAATTAAACTTTGGAATGCAG ACTGTCTTTGAGAACACTTTGATGAATCACCTCGTTGCCCTTCCTCCGGATGCCATGGGG AAGATCACTTACATTGCTCCAGCTGGTCAATATTCGCTTAAGGTTTGACTTTAAGTTTCC CTCAAACAGTTATGAATAAATACGTTTCAAACTTTTTCTTCCTTGATTTCTTTGAATTCA ACGTTTGAGTTAATATATGGCTAACTTGATCAATTGGTAATCACTTCCTGTTGTAGATCA TGTTTGGCTTGTTGCTAATAATTGTTTGTCGGTGATTTTCATTTCTCAGGATACCGTGAT AGAGCTTGAATTCCAGGGGATCAAGAAATCTTACACCATGCTTCAGGTTTGCATGTATCT TTAATCTTCCTACTTGCAAACGTAAATTTTAAGCTATTTGGTTCACTCTGTTAAATTGGT TTGGTTGATATATGTCAGAGCTGGCCTGTACGTACGCCTAGGCCAGTTGCATCAAAGCTT GCTGCCGATACTCCTCTACTTACGGGGCAGGTGATTACTCGATTAATTCTTCTTACAGTG GTGATAGTCATTTGAATACATGTGTTGCTGATTGCTTTCTTTTCCTGTTGTCAGCGTGTT CTTGATGCCCTTTTCCCTTCTGTTCTTGGTGGAACCTGTGCCATTCCTGGTGCTTTTGGC TGTGGGAAAACTGTTATCAGTCAGGCACTTTCCAAGGTACCTTGTGACACTCTCTGGTTT TGTTCCATTTAATTACTGGATAGATTGAATTTCCAAAGCTAACTTTTTCTTATTTACATA GTACTCCAACTCTGATGCTGTTGTGTATGTTGGTTGTGGAGAGAGAGGAAATGAAATGGC TGAGGTATATCTCTTCTCATTCTAAATTTGCATATTGTTCATACAAATCGGACATTTGAT CTGATTGTTTCTCATAAATTAGGTTCTTATGGACTTCCCACAATTGACAATGACGTTGCC TGATGGCCGTGAGGAATCTGTCATGAAACGTACCACACTTGTTGCTAACACCTCTAACAT GCCTGTGGCTGCTCGTGAAGCCTCAATTTACACAGGTAATGTTCAGGCACACAGATTTAA TAGTTATTGATGAATCCCATTGCCTATGCTCATTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTAATGTGAATT CCAGGAATCACAATCGCTGAATATTTTAGAGATATGGGCTACAATGTTAGTATGATGGCA GACTCAACTTCCCGTTGGGCAGAAGCATTAAGAGAAATTTCAGGACGGCTGGTAATCTTA TGCGTTTCACTTTTGCTATATGGATGTTCGTGTTGTCCTCATCTCACTTTTCTTTTTCTC AGTTTATTGACACCTATTTTGCTTTGTTTTATAGGCTGAAATGCCTGCTGACAGTGGATA TCCAGCCTATCTAGCAGCACGTTTAGCATCTTTCTATGAACGTGCTGGTAAAGTAAAATG TCTTGGTGGACCAGAACGTAACGGAAGTGTTACAATTGTTGGTGCAGTTTCGCCTCCTGG AGGAGACTTTTCAGATCCTGTGACTTCAGCAACCCTTAGTATTGTGCAGGTGATTATTTG GTTCATGTCTGCTTCCCTATCTTCCATTGTAGATTACATAGTCGTATATGTTGGTTGAGA TGAACCAGATGGTGTTTAGTTTTAGATCTGCCGCAGACTCGTATATTTAAGCATTTTTTT TCTCCACTTTGAAATGCTTACTCTTCCATTCTGGTTGTTTCTCTTTTCTTCTGCAGGTCT TCTGGGGTTTGGACAAAAAGCTTGCCCAGAGAAAACATTTTCCCTCTGTTAATTGGTTGA TTTCTTACTCAAAGTATTCAACGGTATGCTTAAATATTCTCGGTTCAAACTTGTCTTGGT TTACTATCTAGAAATCTTGTATATAAAACGCTGCTTTTTGTTTTAGGCACTGGAATCTTT CTATGAGAAGTTCGATCCAGATTTCATCAACATCAGGACAAAGGCCAGAGAGGTGTTGCA GAGGGAAGACGATCTTAATGAAATTGTCCAGGTATGTATCACTTATCCTTGTATAAGTAT CTATTGTGGTGACCAATGAACTCTTGTCTCAGCAACCCTAATACATTTTGAAGGGGTTGA ACGATAATCTTGGCATGTAAACTTGACTTGAGTTATAGAAGGAAAACAGTGCTAGCACGT TATTCTTTTCGAAAGGAACTTATTTGACCCACACATTGCTTTTTGTGTGCAGCTTGTAGG AAAAGATGCGCTAGCAGAAGGGGACAAAATCACATTGGAAACAGCTAAGCTATTGAGGGA AGATTACCTTGCTCAAAACGCGTTTACACCGTAAGATTTGTTGGCTCCCTTCGTTTTGGT TTAGTACTCTCTCTTTCTCTCTCAACGGGTTATTCACTCTTGAACCTTTTGGATGAATTT TTTGACAGATATGACAAATTCTGTCCTTTCTACAAGTCCGTGTGGATGATGCGTAACATT ATCCATTTCTACAACCTAGCCAACCAGGTAAATAAGATGAGATTTATACATACTATGCTA AGTGGGGATTAAGGTCAATTGGTTTGTCTAGGTAAAAACCCATTAATTGTTTTGGATACA CAGGCGGTTGAGAGAGCAGCTGGAATGGACGGTCAAAAGATTACCTACACTCTTATCAAG CATCGCTTAGGAGATCTTTTCTACCGTTTAGTGTAAGCAAACGACTTGCTTCTCCTCGAT TTCTCTATGACTCTGTTACATAGCGCTCTAATAAAATGGTCTGAAACGGAATTATGGGAA CTACAGGTCTCAGAAGTTCGAAGACCCAGCAGAAGGGGAGGATACACTGGTGGAAAAATT CAAGAAATTGTACGACGATCTCAATGCTGGATTCCGTGCTTTGGAAGATGAAACTCGGTA AGCTGTCGAGTCTCCACCGCAAGTAAAAAAAATCCACAGAATTGGGTTGTTTTTGGAGAA AGAGGGTTTCATTCATGGTCTCTTTCTTGTGTTTTTGAACCAACAACTATCATAGTGGTC GGTATTTTATTTATCGGTTTGGTCGATCGATTGAGTTTTAGCTCTGTGAGCGTCATGATT CTCCGGCTGTGCTGTGCTGTGTAATATGTTTGATTCGTTGTTTTCATGTTTTTATTTCGG TGGTAATAAGGTACAGCCAATGTGAGTCATATATTTGATTTGATGTACCCTCTCAATTCA ATAAGTTAATTTTATGTCCAAAAACATATTGGGGATACCGTTATTTTTCTCATAATAAAT ACCATCATTTT
Check the appropriate radio button below before pressing the submit button:
Send email to your instructor (and yourself) upon submit Send email to yourself only upon submit (as a backup) Show summary upon submit but do not send email to anyone